Serialism is a method of musical composition that uses a series of musical elements (such as pitch, rhythm, dynamics, or articulation) in a predetermined, ordered sequence. The most famous type is twelve-tone serialism (dodecaphony), where all twelve notes of the chromatic scale are arranged in a specific "row" or "series" that forms the basis for the entire composition, ensuring no single note dominates.
Arnold Schoenberg developed the twelve-tone technique, and his students Alban Berg and Anton Webern further explored and expanded serialist principles. Webern, in particular, applied serialism to elements beyond pitch, such as rhythm and dynamics, leading to what is sometimes called "total serialism." These compositions often sound highly organized yet can be challenging for listeners accustomed to tonal music.
Serialism emerged in the early 20th century, primarily in the 1920s, as a systematic approach to composing atonal music. After the breakdown of traditional tonality, composers sought new organizational principles. Schoenberg's twelve-tone technique provided a rigorous framework, ensuring that all twelve pitches were treated equally. After World War II, serialism, especially total serialism, became a dominant force in avant-garde classical music, particularly in Europe.
Listen to Anton Webern's Symphony, Op. 21. This piece is a concise example of twelve-tone serialism, characterized by its sparse textures, fragmented melodies, and precise organization. Try to perceive the intricate relationships between the short musical gestures rather than looking for traditional melodic development or harmonic progression.